Fantasy Has Played An Important Role In Children's Literature
Ever since Aesop, fantasy has played an important role in children's literature
. Three new books continue the tradition of enchanting and instructing young minds through the improbable. Reading levels vary among children, but these books are better suited for late elementary or early middle-school readers.stein Gaarder's Hellol Is Anybody There! is the deceptively simple story of Joe, an 8-year old boy, and Mika, an extraterrestrial visitor from the planet Eljo. They meet on the night that Joe's mother goes to the hospital in labor with his baby brother.
As Joe waits at home for the impending birth, he gives Mika a tour of the world as he knows it a dress rehearsal, of sorts, for his role as big brother. Guarder injects philosophical notions naturally into the conversation as Joe and Mika consider everything from animal life to the origin of the universe. This book is a sweet introduction to some serious concepts.
It is perfect for reading aloud because it opens wonderful opportunities for discussion between parent and child. Holes by Louis Sachar, the 1998 National Book Award winner for young people's literature, is a very tall tale about Stanley Yelnats, a middle-school loser who is wrongly accused of theft. Sent to Camp Green Lake in the middle of some mythical Texas badlands where it
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
A major goal of the Viking spacecraft missions was to determine whether the soil of Mars is dead, like the soil of the moon, or teeming with microscopic life, like the soils of the Earth. Soil samples brought into the Viking Lander were sent to three separate biological laboratories to be tested in different ways for the presence of life.
The tests were based on two assumptions. First, it was assumed that life on Mars would be like life on the Earth, which is based on the element carbon and thrives by chemically transforming carbon compounds. Second, on the Earth, where there are large life forms (such as human beings and pine trees), there are also small ones (such as bacteria), and the small ones are far more abundant, with thousands or millions of them in every gram of soil.
To have the best possible chance of detecting life, an instrument should look for the most abundant kind of life.
The Viking instruments were designed, therefore, to detect carbon-based Martian microbes or similar creatures living in the soil.
The three laboratories in the Lander were designed to warm and nourish any life in the Martian soil and to detect with sensitive instruments the chemical activity of the organisms.
One characteristic of earthly plants is that they transform carbon dioxide in the air into the compounds that make up their roots, branches and leaves. Accordingly, one Viking experiment, called the carbon assimilation test, added radioactive carbon dioxide to the atmosphere above the soil sample.
The sample was then flooded with simulated Martian sunlight. If any Martian life forms converted the carbon dioxide into other compounds, the compounds could be detected by their radioactivity.
Living organisms on the Earth give off gasses. Plants give off oxygen, animals give off carbon dioxide, and both exhale water. A second experiment on each Lander, the gas exchange test, was designed to detect this kind of activity. Nutrients and water were added to the soil, and the chemical composition of the gas above the soil was continuously analyzed for changes that might indicate life.
A third experiment on each Lander was based on the fact that earthly animals consume organic compounds and give off carbon dioxide. The labeled release test added a variety of radioactive nutrients to the soil and then waited to see whether any radioactive carbon dioxide would be given off.
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