Sewage Treatment Plants
Sewage can be treated close to where it is created (in septic tanks
, bio-filters or aerobic treatment systems), or collected and transported via a network of pipes and pump stations to a municipal treatment plant.
Sewage treatment plant, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage, both runoff (effluents) and domestic. The task of designing and constructing facilities for treating wastewaters falls to environmental engineers. They employ a variety of engineered and natural systems to get the job done, using physical, chemical, biological, and sludge treatment methods. Its objective is to produce a waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste or sludge suitable for discharge or reuse back into the environment. This material is often inadvertently contaminated with many toxic organic and inorganic compounds.
The features of wastewater treatment systems are determined by (1) the nature of the municipal and industrial wastes that are conveyed to them by sewers, and (2) the amount of treatment required to preserve and/or improve the quality of the receiving bodies of water. Discharges from treatment plants usually are disposed by dilution in rivers, lakes, or estuaries. They also may be used for certain types of irrigation (such as golf courses), transported to lagoons where they are evaporated, or discharged through submarine (underwater) outfalls into the ocean. However, outflows from treatment works must meet effluent standards set by the Environmental Protection Agency to avoid polluting the bodies of water that receive them.
The flowrate to the
Sewage treatment plant will vary over the course of a day, and sewage treatment plants are designed to handle (and treat) higher than average flowrates at shubham inc. The highest flowrate to the
Sewage treatment plant, however, should not exceed the rating for the sewage treatment plant. The ratio of the highest flowrate to the average flowrate is called the peaking factor. For example, a peaking factor of 3 indicates the highest flowrate to the sewage treatment plant would be three times the average flowrate.
Smaller sewage treatment plants are designed for a peaking factor of about 3. When sewage is delivered to the
Sewage treatment plant by gravity, it is unlikely that the peaking factor would be exceeded. It is when sewage is delivered by a pump station that the peaking factor may be exceeded if the pumps are oversized. The pump stations pumping to the sewage treatment plant should be designed so as not to exceed the peaking factor for the sewage treatment plant. In cases where the collection and conveyance system is existing, and the peaking factor is exceeded, it may be necessary to construct a flow equalization pump station just ahead of the sewage treatment plant, to equalize the sewage flowrate to the sewage treatment plant.
If there are excessive fats, oil, or grease in the influent sewage to the sewage treatment plant, it will decrease the treatment capability of the plant. Removal of the grease is best done at the source, ahead of the collection and conveyance systems, by installation of grease traps. Similarly, if there are substances in the sewage, such as cleaning or disinfecting solutions, which could kill the bacteria in the sewage treatment plants secondary treatment process, these should be prevented from ever entering the sewage collection and conveyance system.
Finally, in some collection and conveyance systems, especially those with pump stations, the sewage may become septic before it reaches the sewage treatment plant. The septic sewage will release odors at the sewage treatment plant, and will also corrode metal and concrete components of the sewage treatment plant. The best way to avoid septicity in the collection and conveyance system is to design the pump stations so that they deliver the sewage to the sewage treatment plant before the sewage has a chance to become septic.
If the effluent will be disposed to a water course or the ocean, the sewage treatment plant should be designed to meet the local Effluent Discharge Standards. In most locations, these standards are established on a case-by-case basis, so it is important to involve the local authority in the planning process as early as possible.
If the effluent will be used for irrigation, additional treatment is often required, and the degree of further treatment will depend on the type of irrigation system, and the requirements of the local authority.
Sludge will be produced in any type of sewage treatment system, and there are several methods available for processing and disposal, as discussed in the Description of Sewage Treatment section. A clear plan must be developed for processing and disposing of the sludge, and any necessary equipment and works required to implement the plan, should be incorporated into the overall sewage treatment project.
by: Shubham Inc.
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