Esophageal Cancer Problems
Esophageal Cancer Problems
Cancer of the esophagus Laparoscopy: surgical investigation that allows you to examine the organs inside the abdominal region and identify anomalous areas. You are running by entering through a small incision in the abdominal wall with a flexible tool, called a laparoscope, to which end is fitted with a lighting apparatus. This allows the operator to take samples of tissue and lymph nodes for biopsy;
PET (Positron Emission Tomography) is a technique that allows to visualize the location of the tumor cells in the body. Requires use of a substance that radioactively labeled glucose, which is injected into a vein. Scanning the tumor cells, which absorb more glucose than normal, are more evident. Clinical trials are currently underway on the use of PET for staging of cancer of the esophagus.
Esophageal cancer symptoms is classified according to the following stages:
Stage 0 (carcinoma in situ)
The tumor is in an early stage and affects only the top layers of the esophageal mucosal cells. This stage is also called carcinoma in situ.
Stage I
The cancer has spread beyond the mucosa invading the muscular layer of the esophageal wall, but has not spread to adjacent tissues or lymph nodes (small structures of the lymphatic system, kidney-shaped, found throughout the body, producing and conserving cells that fight infection) or other organs.
Stage II
Stage II is divided into stage IIA and stage IIB according to the location of the tumor:
Stage IIA: Cancer has invaded the muscular layer or the outer wall of the esophagus;
Stage IIB: Cancer has spread to one of the first three layers of the esophagus and regional lymph nodes.
Stage III
The cancer has spread to the outer wall of the esophagus and may also have compromised tissue or adjacent lymph nodes, but has not yet been released at a distance, thus forming metastases.
Stage IV
Stage IV is divided into stage IVA and stage IVB, depending on the location of the tumor:
Stage IVA: Cancer has spread to regional lymph nodes or distal;
Stage IVB: Cancer has spread to lymph nodes distal and / or other organs.
Recurrent esophageal cancer
Is defined as recurrent cancer of the esophagus that persists after treatment. It may come back in the primary tumor or in another organ.
TREATMENT OPTIONS
There are different treatments for patients with cancer of the esophagus
Some treatments are standard (the currently used treatment), others are being tested in clinical trials. The trial is a research, which aims to improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for cancer patients. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the treatments currently used as a treatment 'standard', the new treatment may become the treatment 'standard'.
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