Developed Countries, International Experience In Manufacturing High Technology
Although the United States, Europe, Japan and other developed countries of the manufacturing
sector declined, the manufacturing sector was, and still is an economic "engine." In the knowledge economy, developed countries on the status of the manufacturing sector in the national economy and a deeper understanding of the role, are taking various measures to accelerate the use of high-tech manufacturing to the upgrading and improvement, and build on advanced manufacturing technology based The modern manufacturing is still supporting the comprehensive national strength of the basic industries. ?1. The developed countries concerned about the industry from a strategic development plan?
The United States has a strong manufacturing sector. But 80 years of the 20th century, the United States was once the manufacturing industry as a "sunset industry", trying to be the center of economic development shifted from manufacturing to service-oriented tertiary industry, the results of the international competitiveness of U.S. manufacturing seriously weakened, in the automotive, semiconductor, and other important areas of more than Japan, quickly, and even the heart of American weapons systems have to key parts of Japan or the semiconductor chip. After reflection, the United States all recognize that the advent of the information revolution means that the manufacturing recession view is incomplete, the government began to ambitious "Star Wars" program to reverse to the research and application of advanced manufacturing technology to practical action , to regain the advantage in manufacturing. As an American president has said, the manufacturing sector has always been the backbone of U.S. economic strength. ?
Japan has never relaxed manufacturing industry. Japan's machinery industry in the beginning of the revitalization of its own, had developed a "mechanical industrial revitalization law", and later three times according to their progress be modified. 70,80 20th century, when the United States to the manufacturing sector as a "sunset industry", interested in science and technology focused on the development of high technology and military technology, Japan has quietly put major effort into the development of advanced manufacturing technology and application on to come from behind in international competition, has shaken the U.S. technology leadership. The 21st century, Japan is still convinced that the manufacturing sector are the Foundation, clearly recognized that information technology can not do without well-developed manufacturing industry, to develop information technology, while not reducing the importance of manufacturing technology. Japanese Prime Minister's advisory body, "Manufacturing Technology Conference" report to the Government stressed that the manufacturing sector is the lifeline of Japan, there is no manufacturing there is no information industry and software industry. Government of Japan that even in the Information Society, manufacturing will always be a need to strengthen and promote the development of basic industries.
2. Developed the international experience of manufacturing high-tech
With increasing economic globalization and knowledge to speed up the process of manufacturing the industrial age has simply become the era of globalization of the manufacturing industry and manufacturing knowledge of the times. Developed countries have to adjust its industrial policy and technology policy, will focus on high technology and technological development of industrial technology shifted the main focus is to create technology to manufacturing technology from the traditional sense of the simple mechanical processing technology into a set of mechanical, electronic, materials, information and management, and many other technologies in one of the modern manufacturing technology, and accelerate the use of modern manufacturing technology to transform and upgrade traditional manufacturing, high technology of the manufacturing industry. ?
(1) to strengthen the equipment industry itself, "Technology"?
Equipment manufacturing industry is the mother of all. Equipment technology equipment industry itself, basic components supporting 10 million kinds of competitive products and equipment design and manufacture of the whole process to determine the overall technological level of manufacturing and development potential. Only the equipment industry's own equipment and technology, improve the quality of basic components, and will it be possible to create services for other industries to play a variety of high quality equipment and components; high-quality equipment and spare parts in order to manufacture high quality in all products. The developed countries?: So advanced manufacturing, the key is they have more advanced equipment industry. Developed the first performance of the manufacturing sector's attention on the quality of equipment and equipment technology industry itself, parts of machinery and other infrastructure, emphasis on basic parts, implement basic machinery, basic components of the attention focused on the quality of equipment and the industry itself technological progress, "basic" development strategy to maintain their international status of its own advantages. ?
Japan, with particular emphasis on strengthening the technological base, that "If science and technology industry, and seed, then the metal processing industry is to cultivate the soil seed; as a country must hold." The politicians, entrepreneurs and trade unions, driven by the Japanese government in 1999 drafted a "revitalization of manufacturing base and Technology Basic Law", the rules that "create" (referring to product design, manufacturing) is to support the foundation of Japan. Japanese Economy, Trade and Industry in 2000 developed a "national industrial technology strategy", as biology, information and communication, mechanical, chemical, energy, material, environmental protection, aerospace and other sectors identified 13 objectives and the need for the development of strategic initiatives . The core of this strategy is the development of new materials and develop new manufacturing processes, including: through ion beam, synchrotron radiation light, laser and electron beam and other means of research and development of advanced technology semiconductor components manufacturing; use of micro-mechanical technology promote the development of mechanical manufacturing. Which, biotechnology and nanotechnology, by the Japanese government as a budding star for the 21st century manufacturing, the protagonist of the next industrial revolution, is listed as the top priorities for the development of strategic areas. ?
European development, "European industrial technology base research program" (BBITE) ,1991-1994 plans to invest 748 million during the European currency unit, funded materials and the manufacture and so on. ?
(2) development of advanced manufacturing technology, to gain the advantage?
Support a comprehensive national strength as the basic industry of the basic, advanced manufacturing technology by the world's growing concern in developed countries, and is considered to participate in international competition for the 21st century, the premise and guarantee. International competition, the competition is mainly manufacturing technology, business productivity in the national composition, the role of manufacturing technology generally 55% to 65%, the lack of advanced manufacturing technology, there is no well-developed manufacturing industry. Development of advanced manufacturing technology is the national goal is to national interests, social interests. Manufacturing technology for the battle to occupy the high ground of pro-competitive manufacturing location, developed under the technology development trends and its technology base, support conditions and the target location, select the number of forward-looking, affecting the nature and coverage of key common technologies, the development of advanced manufacturing technology. ?
To enhance the international competitiveness of the manufacturing sector and the promotion of national economic growth, the Clinton Administration in 1993 approved the "Advanced Manufacturing Technology Program" as a focus of the 1994 budget, the only tech support, the project budget for the year 1994, 1.4 billion , Commerce, Defense, Energy, Interior, EPA, NASA, National Science Foundation, the Ministry of Agriculture, eight federal agencies involved, around three key areas of research: the next generation of "smart" manufacturing system ; the product, process and design of the whole enterprise integration tools; manufacturing infrastructure, including the rationalization of management and to encourage these technologies are widely used in actual production of programs and mechanisms. ?
Since the United States since the concept of intelligent manufacturing, intelligent manufacturing systems has been of great importance and concern of many countries is seen as the 21st century manufacturing techniques and cutting-edge science is the development of advanced manufacturing technology, which was undoubtedly the most influential and representative Japan in January 1991 launched the Intelligent Manufacturing Systems International cooperation program, which started manufacturing is by far the largest area of an international cooperation program, which aims to mix industrial countries of advanced manufacturing technology, and explore their research results way for the production technology, development of next-generation standards-based technology, manufacturing activities to adapt to the trend of globalization. The intelligent manufacturing system is divided into three levels: States alone will develop manufacturing technology (mainly product design and product processing and assembly technology) of systematic and complete; existing technologies and future technologies to be developed (mainly logistics management technology and manufacturing information data compression, transmission and storage technology) standardization; new 21st century, high-performance manufacturing systems technology (including system management techniques and mechanical processing, design, equipment and manufacturing processes and related technologies, including front the entire manufacturing system, including both building technology) research and development. Many countries have participated in the program, including Japan, the United States, Canada, Australia, the European Community (including the UK, France, Germany, Italy, Denmark, Greece, Ireland, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain), Europe Free Trade Association (including Austria, Finland, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland). ?
(3) develop the implementation of "major special programs" industries and academe, government joint research?
To seize the commanding heights of high technology to increase industrial competitiveness, the developed countries attached great importance to the "special plan" approach to promote the research of key technologies. "Special plan" to develop and implement a development of the industrial macro-control capacity of the lead government department responsible for the concentration of superior, targeted, Study and Research for research. ?
80 years of the 20th century, the United States to back away by the Japanese dominance of the world car, the Government has come forward to organize the famous "2mm Project" focused on the country's elite auto industry research, a few years time they replace the hegemony of the Japanese re-registration . In 1993, the United States launched a "new generation of car Cooperation Programme" (PNGV), the program is led by the U.S. government and the three largest car companies jointly implemented a combination of government and corporate research projects, while it received from 350 auto suppliers, universities and some commercial organizations, participation and support. The program's purpose is to strive in 10 years time, through research and development of a new generation of automotive technology to enhance the overall competitiveness of the economy the United States. From the PNGV technical and social impact of view, it is no less than the then Apollo moon program, which will further ensure the smooth implementation of the U.S. auto industry in technology, create jobs and promote economic growth and so is a world leader. ?
Germany issued a "make 2000" program, which is the German government, the business community, industry and trade unions put forward a strategic plan together, a total of 450 million marks capital funding. The program's research focus includes information technology for manufacturing, in particular, to study communications technologies, developed for the manufacture of highly efficient and controllable system, and promote the modernization of the manufacturing sector. ?
(4) state support for the establishment of engineering and technology center, to promote high-tech in the manufacturing industry?
Developed countries, a global leader in the manufacturing sector, its essence is a leading high-tech leading to wider application to the traditional manufacturing industries. United States, Japan, Europe and other developed countries, has been taken to support the establishment of the State Engineering Research Center of the effective measures of a variety of advanced design, manufacturing, management and promotion of research results, applied to the manufacturing industry. For example, the United States built eight National Manufacturing Research Center (NCMS), National Manufacturing Research and Design Center (ECR), 26 industrial University Cooperative Research Center (1UCRC), 7 were manufacturing technology centers (MTC) and so on. In addition, the establishment of a state-funded development of new products and advanced manufacturing centers and more than 100 technology service center. The manufacture of Science and Technology Center formed a U.S. manufacturing R & D and application system, effectively ensured the U.S. manufacturing engineering research and manufacturing industries in the world-class level. ?
(5) manufacturing of information technology to gain competitive advantage?
Manufacturing Information widespread in developed countries attach great importance to the manufacturing of information technology has become the use of information technology to transform traditional manufacturing industry to gain competitive advantage in major strategic move. ?
90 years of the 20th century, the U.S. Department of Energy-led organizations to develop a "implementation of agile manufacturing technology" of the five-year plan (1994-1999), 150 billion U.S. dollars annual investment, the manufacturing of information technology in the "impact U.S. security and economic prosperity "to be one of 22 technology research and development, manufacturing information through the back of the manufacturing sector in the international dominance for ten consecutive years of economic prosperity has laid a solid foundation. ?
To the highly developed information technology to manufacturing, the Japanese government established an expert group to identify key research topics include: computer design, computer simulation, optimization computing, databases, computer design and CNC machine tools, computer validation and to The integration of these technologies of system tools. To promote the integration of information technology and manufacturing, the Japanese Ministry of Economy has also established a "cutting-edge manufacturing technology research center", the center is mainly responsible for the mold making and other good and skilled manufacturing technology and techniques are stored in the database, produced expert system software to retain the traditional technique. ?
EC to develop a "European Information Technology Research and Development Strategic Plan" (ESPRIT), the 13 members of staff to the 5500 financing; to CIM integration of information technology research as one of five key projects, to the CIM investment 6.2 million European Currency Unit as a research and development costs, do a good job CIM design principle, factory automation systems required for Advanced Microelectronics and imaging system for real-time display of production process and management of the three topics. ?
France in its information technology development plan in the integration of artificial intelligence and computer-aided production as seven large projects in the two.
Manufacturing Information to improve the competitiveness of the manufacturing sector, the establishment of the manufacturing sector in the economic globalization, the developed countries in the leading position and competitive advantage with information technology as signs of advanced manufacturing technology is increasingly becoming the manufacturing industry carriers and the new technological revolution great impetus. ?
(6) Research and application of modern manufacturing in the 21st century model
Manufacturing is the business structure, operation, management, production organization and technology systems form and mode of operation. 90's, along with changes in market conditions, the world of modern manufacturing model launched extensive research, a series of 21st century modern manufacturing model in the manufacturing sector to the development and application, which are most representative : Americans Lean Thinking (LT), Agile Manufacturing (AM), Knowledge Network Enterprises (KNE) and the extended enterprise, the Japanese proposed holonic manufacturing system (HMS), the German attempt to change the structure of industrial organization Fractal Company (FC) and so on. These modern manufacturing model research and demonstration, so that the operation of the manufacturing sector, there have been tremendous changes, manufacturing flexibility, integration, intelligence, and network access to an unprecedented development. It is these modern manufacturing model, application and promotion, led the overall change in manufacturing, improve manufacturing quality and competitiveness of industries. ?
These models are based on modern manufacturing rapid response to market demand, relying on computer technology, information technology, microelectronics, automation technology
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