All that you wanted to know about YOGA
Author: Sanoj Jose
The Roots of Yoga The word Yoga comes from the Sanskrit word Yuj meaning to yoke, join or unite. This implies joining or integrating all aspects of the individual body with mind and mind with soul to achieve a happy, balanced and useful life, and spiritually, uniting the individual with the supreme. In India, Yoga is considered one of the six branches of classical philosophy and is referred to throughout the Vedas ancient Indian scriptures and amongst the oldest texts in existence.The Upanishads are also broadly philosophical treatises which postdate the Vedas and deal with the nature of the soul and universe. However, the origins of yoga are believed to be much older than that, stemming from the oral traditions of Yogis, where knowledge of Yoga was handed down from Guru (spiritual teacher) to Sisya (spiritual student) all the way back to the originators of Yoga, the Rishis, who first began investigation into the nature of reality and mans inner world. Legend has it that knowledge of Yoga was first passed by Lord Shiva to his wife Parvati and from there into the lives of men. The Aim of Yoga According to the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, the ultimate aim of Yoga is to reach Kaivalya (emancipation or ultimate freedom). This is the experience of ones innermost being or soul (the Purusa). Then one becomes free of chains of cause and effect (Karma) which tie us to continual reincarnation. In Kaivalya one is said to exist in peace and tranquillity, having attained absolute knowledge of the difference between the spiritual which is timeless, unchanging and free of sorrows, and the material which is not. This is considered desirable as life is analysed as ultimately full of sorrows and pain- even pleasure and joy leave pain and loss when they have gone as nothing in the material world is permanent. Yoga is therefore a spiritual quest. However, along the path of yoga, the aspirant also gains health, happiness, tranquillity and knowledge which are indicators of progress and an encouragement to continue their practice. Buddhism and other Eastern spiritual traditions use many techniques derived from Yoga. The Paths of Yoga There are said to be 4 main paths (Margas), according to the Bhagavad Gita, by which to reach the ultimate goal of Yoga Kaivalya. There is the path of Knowledge (Jnana Marga) in which one learns to discriminate between what is real and what is illusory, the path of selfless work (Karma marga), the path of devotion (Bhakti Marga) and the path of control of the mind (Yoga Marga) where all the activities of the mind and consciousness are studied and brought under control. From these have come the various paths of yoga which can be followed. Raja yoga involves mastery of the mind and senses in Samadhi; essentially the advanced aspects of Patanjalis astanga yoga. Hatha yoga is the yoga of the will which involves cultivating ones energy to arouse Kundalini primarily by means of asana and pranayama. Mantra yoga involves reciting sacred syllables to reach perfection. Laya yoga involves absorption in god to experience ultimate bliss. Bhakti yoga requires absolute devotion to god to achieve the ultimate goal. Karma yoga achieves this through selfless work without thought of personal reward. Jnana yoga is the yoga of knowledge cultivating the discrimination between spiritual reality and the illusion of the material world. It must be realised that there are no clear cut boundaries between these various paths and all draw on the practices and philosophy of the others; effectively all paths have the same goal and tread the same terrain. They are different views of the same topic. The Philosophy of Yoga The philosophy of Yoga comes from many sources and has been presented in many fashions with differing emphasis depending on the understanding of the author. The Vedas and Upanishads give some of the earliest references to the paths of yoga. These scriptures form the basis of Indian religious practices but contain many varied references to yoga and other things. There are the Puranas, also ancient, which deal with the nature of the universe. Famous epics such as the Ramayana and Mahabarata contain stories of the gods and lectures on moral and philosophical subjects with references to yogis and yogic practices. The Bhaghavad Gita is a particularly famous part of the Mahabarata which contains a detailed discourse on yoga by Krisna to Arjuna. Other texts such as the Hatha Yoga Pradipika are more technical manuals of yoga which go into detail on technique as opposed to just the theory. In general all these texts discuss Yoga from the particular standpoint of the authors and the paths to Yoga they have followed. In many ways this subject can be confusing for lack of a clear overview. This need is answered in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. Yoga Sutras of Patanjali The varied philosophies and methodologies of Yoga itself were clearly and methodically brought together and presented by the sage Patanjali in his set of 196 aphorisms called The Yoga Sutras, written some 2200 years ago. The Sutras bring together all the various strands of theory and practice from all sources of yoga and present them in one concise, integrated and comprehensive text. How all the aspects interrelate and form part of the whole body of yoga are clearly elucidated. There are 8 disciplines to yoga as presented by Patanjali (thus Astanga yoga 8 limbed yoga) which must be practiced and refined in order to perceive the true self- the ultimate goal of Yoga: Yama Universal ethics: Non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, sexual restraint and non-acquisitiveness. Niyama Principles of self conduct: purity, contentment, intense dedication or austerity, study of self and scriptures and self-surrender. Asana practice of the postures. Pranayama Breath control. Pratyahara withdrawal and control of the senses. Dharana concentration. Dhyana meditation. Samadhi a state of higher consciousness where the sense of self (ego) dissolves in the object of meditation and the individual self exists in its own pure nature. The key elements of all the paths of yoga are presented in a balanced perspective and legend has it that Patanjali was himself a realised being and so writing from experience. In the four chapters of his sutras he explains the levels of higher consciousness (Samadhi) which the aspirant must experience before reaching Kaivalya (emancipation) and the end of this worlds spiritual pursuit. The second chapter deals with the methodology which must Read more on this story at
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