Family Pomacentridae
Relations strictly service-service are very low for reasons not yet clear
. 4 An example is the relationship between sea anemone and clown fish family Pomacentridae : the anemones with their poison darts (nematocysts) protects the fish against predators and the clownfish protects the anemone from fish of the family Chaetodontidae that eat anemones. As in other mutualisms, it has other complicating exchange: the fish waste, ammonia , feed symbiotic algae are found in tentsexode anemone. 7 8 From which it follows that besides being a service-service mutualism is also partly a-service resort.
Another example is that some ants with some plants of the genus Acacia , such as the bull's horn acacia . The ants nest in large hollow thorns of the acacia and in turn protect the acacia against herbivores (sometimes feed on these herbivores, then also this is a case of service-service and in-service part of resource .) Another service that the ants provide the Acacia is pruning the surrounding vegetation eliminating the competition . Acacia, in addition to providing shelter service also provides food for the ants in the form of glycogen-rich cells, known as the Belt bodies, secreted at the apex of the leaflets.
The pure neutrality is very unlikely or impossible to prove . In dealing with complex networks of interactions presented by ecosystems can be difficult to say with certainty that there is absolutely no competition or benefit from any of the species. Since the pure neutralism is rare or nonexistent, this term is often applied to situations where interactions are little more than insignificant or negligible.
The parasitism is a biological interaction between organisms of different species, in which one species (the "host") hampered their reproductive fitness (in English reproductive fitness ). The other (the "parasite") benefits from the relationship which results in an improvement in their reproductive fitness. Parasitism can be considered a special case of predation , or to use a less ambiguous term, consumption. Parasites that live within the host or host organism are called endoparasites and those living outside are called ectoparasites . A parasite that kills the organism that hosts is called parasitoids . Some parasites are social parasites , getting advantage of interactions with members of a social species, such as aphids , the ants or termites .
Parasitism is a process by which a species is expanding its ability to survive using other species to meet their basic needs and vital, which need not necessarily relate to nutritional issues, and may cover functions such as seed dispersal or benefits for reproduction of the parasitic species, etc..
The species that carries out the process is called parasite and parasitized species is called host, host, or host. The latter use contrary to the word has come to acquire in the common language, which usually means staying, but it is well established in the biological language.
Parasitism can occur throughout all stages of life of an organism or only at particular periods of his life. Once the process is a significant advantage for the parasitic species, is established through natural selection and is usually an irreversible process that leads across the generations in profound physiological and morphological characteristics of that species.
As a whole remains parasitic organism, can be converted in turn into a third species host. The parasite that parasitizes another parasite is often referred hyperparasite . Ecological productivity reasons limit the number of levels of parasitism to a few.
As a whole remains parasitic organism, can be converted in turn into a third species host. The parasite that parasitizes another parasite is often referred hyperparasite . Ecological productivity reasons limit the number of levels of parasitism to a few.
Many endoparasites get the benefit of host organisms by passive mechanisms, such as the nematode , Ascaris lumbricoides an endoparasite living in the gut of living humans . Ascaris lumbricoides produces large numbers of eggs , which are transported from the digestive tract to the external environment, depending on humans to be taken in places that have good health . The ectoparasites (external parasites) often have elaborate mechanisms and strategies for finding host organisms. Some leeches water, for example, locate bodies with motion sensors and confirm their identity before registering chemicals to bind to the skin.
It is very common for host organisms also have developed defense mechanisms. The plants often produce toxins , for example, that discourage fungi parasites, bacteria , as well as the herbivores . The immune system of vertebrates can be the target of most parasites through contact with body fluids. Many parasites, particularly microorganisms , have evolutionarily adapted to particular host species, in these interactions the two species have evolved by each side within a relatively stable, which does not kill the host quickly, it would also be detrimental to the parasite. Most of the pathogens are destined to become parasites evolutionarily.
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