subject: Yellow Fever 3,000 Die Still Travellers Ignore 10 Year Protection [print this page] Although a unusual cause of ailment in U.S. To countless travelers, Yellow fever is still a menace for person's who go to a number of areas of Africa & South America.
There are a number of factors that play part in getting the disease, time of year, how much contact with the infection, types of activities and the rate of infection during that time and when you were immunised if at all.
Yellow fever came to be by Mosquitoes spreading the virus which hit epidemic level in lots of hot countries, thankfully Philadelphia and New Orleans have not seen another outbreak in over 100 years with good health practice keeping the chance of scattering to a minimal.
There are 3 transference cycles of the virus:
*Jungle Cycle - Every year a couple of 100 people are infected with the virus, this only happens in the tropical locations of Africa and South America and happens to young people who work in the forest areas, the virus spreading is caused by the Haemagogus, primates and Aedes mosquito.
* Intermediate cycle - Humans get infected from the Aedes mosquitoes, this happens in the Savannah locations in Africa.
* Urban cycle - This is where epidemics start, humans are infected by the Aedes aegypti mosquito.
The Yellow fever virus is located in Caribbean islands, 33 countries in Africa and 9 in South America.
After getting infected by a mosquito, the incubation time is 3-6 days. There are usually of short duration & different severity.
Mild cases are characterised by a sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, backache, muscle pain & nausea & vomiting.
This phase lasts about forty-eight hours. Most infections resolve at this point.
15% of the time this disease may progress to a severe hemorrhagic fever. There is a "period of calm" of a few hours to a day.
This phase of the disease is characterised by jaundice & haemorrhagic symptoms such as bleeding from the nose, gums bleeding & vomiting blood (may be black & look like coffee grounds).
Liver enzymes abnormalities and coagulation factors are most likely to be liver and kidney failure.
Yellow fever can be diagnosed by growing the virus in laboratory cell culture, by demonstrating viral antigens & by molecular methods such as PCR.
There is no treatment for yellow fever, just treating the symptoms.
What can you do to prevent getting this disease when they travel to 1 of these endemic areas?
Yellow fever is preventable by vaccination. Travelers should also take precautions against mosquito bites when in areas with yellow fever.
Travelers should be vaccinated against yellow fever before visiting areas where the disease occurs. In the U.S., the vaccine is given only at designated yellow fever vaccination centers.
You must have a valid vaccination certificate for Yellow fever while trailing to certain countries, as International regulations will require proof.
Mosquitoes that spread Yellow fever in tropical areas bite through the day, but mostly at dusk and again in the morning, do try to avoid them.
Use long-sleeved clothes & long trousers. For extra protection, treat clothing with permethrin insecticide.
Use insect repellent on exposed skin. Repellents containing DEET (N, N-diethylmetatoluamide), Pica Ridin (KBR 3023), IR 3535, p-Menthane 3.8-diol (PMD or oil of lemon eucalyptus) are effective. Follow the application carefully.
Stay in screened areas when in doors and get plenty of insecticide to spray round living areas and sleeping areas.
by: Jim00 Wilson
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