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Pharmacological Treatments For Parkinson's Disease

Pharmacological Treatments For Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease is a neurologic disease that affects the elderly

,

in which brain centers that control motion planning are hurt, causing damage to the patient's motor activity.

The disease is progressive, meaning it tends to worsen over the years.

The deterioration in motor activity causes involuntary muscle tremor, slow gate and slow production of movements in general.

In addition, the small facial muscles that control our mimics are affected, which can cause a "forzen" looking facial expression.

Later on, instability during walking is present which can lead to recurrent falls.

Dementia and general deteriorated function is a final stage of the disease.

How do the Anti-Parkinson's medications work?

The variety of medications nowadays that assists in controlling Parkinson's disease work in a similar way. Its end-point is enhancing the level of a neurotransmitter called dopamine in the synapse (the space between two nerve cells in the brain).

Normally, dopamine is secreted from one neuron and absorbed in a second neuron, causing a chain-reaction of intracellular processes to occur.

Ultimately, the end-product of this chain-reaction is a planned muscle movement.

These processes are hurt in a patient with Parkinson's due to ruined dopamine-secreting cells.

Most Anti-Parkinson's medications work by enhancing the production of dopamine in the brain cells,

increasing its secretion within the synaptic space, or inhibiting its breakdown, so that more dopamine then remains in the synapse.

In fact, most medications work on decreasing the disease's severe symptoms, not on curing it. Unfortunately Parkinson's is an incurable disease.

What types of Anti-Parkinson's medications exist?

Common medications that are accepted for treating Parkinson's disease are the direct and indirect dopamine-replacements:

Levo-Dopa / Carbidopa- This is the most commonly used medication for Parkinson's disease. It contains natural dopamine, which is best absorbed in brain tissue (rather than other body tissues), where it causes maximal affect.

Ropinirole- This is a dopamine-substitute. It also exists in a slow-release form.

Entacapone- Works in combination with Levo-Dopa for increasing Levo-Dopa's gastrointestinal absorption.

Apomorphine- Works as a dopamine-substitute, given through intra-muscular administration.

Biperiden- This medication inhibits dopamine's inhibitor, therefore increasing the level of available dopamine in the synapse.

Amantadine- Works as a glutamate-inhibitor, therefore indirectly enhances the level of dopamine.

Selegiline- This medication inhibits the breakdown of dopamine, making it more available in the synaptic space.

Rasagiline- This medication has a similar method of action as Selegiline, however it is currently the only medication proven to delay the disease's progression in clinical trials. It is still considered a relatively new and expensive medication.

This is merely a brief overview of medications and there are many more. Most patients are administered a combination of medications according to their disease's progression, symptoms and function.

In addition to existing medications, there are other non-pharmacological treatments which can currently assist in treating the disease

(deep brain stimulation, other experimental treatments).

by: Maria Gonzales
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